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While there are literally thousands of different keyways in commercial use in the United States and thousands more abroad, these four give a fairly representative sample of the different kinds of wardings (and pin manipulation problems) you are likely to encounter in common (non-high-security) locks. Falle-Safe Security makes a set of vertically-oriented two-prong torque tools designed to fit snugly in a range of different pin tumbler keyways. Any physical security assessment should consider defenses against the full range of potential threats, not just vulnerability to lock picking. The basic skills of pin tumbler lock picking include selecting the proper tools, manipulating pins through the keyway, applying torque, and recognizing the state of each pin. Each board is labeled with its keyway, and each lock cylinder on a board is labeled with the number of installed pin stacks (from one to six) and the keying code for its pinning. The modern pin tumbler lock is quite simple, dating back to ancient Egypt but not commercially mass-produced until the middle of the 19th century.

The design is based on the late 18th century British Bramah lock (still in production and use today). The fourth pick is a "rake" of a long sawtooth design (the "Ripple"). The pick design it calls a "rake" is called a "hook" by the rest of the world (it's the kind of pick you'll be using most). The resistant pin stack is the called the binding pin. Left: The correct key lifts the pin stacks to align the cuts at the shear line. When a key is inserted into the keyway slot at the front of the plug, the pin stacks are raised within the plug and shell. Picks probe and lift the individual pin tumblers through the keyway, while torque tools control the degree and force of plug rotation. Longer handles are as a rule better in torque tools; the farther from the plug the torque can be applied, the easier it is to detect and control fine movement. They allow very precise control over torque, especially when employing advanced picking techniques that involve a slight reversing of the rotation of the keyway.

However, your efforts un-pinning and re-pinning locks will be time well spent -- you will progress much faster than you would if you tried to start out picking fully pinned cylinders. See Figure 2. The plug will be blocked from rotating if any pin stack is lifted either not far enough (with the cut still in the plug below the shear line) or too far (with the cut pushed above the shear line and into the shell); to rotate, all pin stacks must have a cut at the shear line. The top pin of that pin stack will be trapped above the shear line, the bottom pin will fall freely, and now a new pin stack (the next most misaligned one) prevents further rotation. The most common security pins are the "spool" and "mushroom" top pin designs, which are thinner in their mid-section. Indeed, security system software may well be considerably worse, since it is often purpose-written and may be subject to only limited scrutiny and testing. However, because the precision with which locks can be manufactured is limited by physical processes, materials, economics, and usability considerations, exploitable weaknesses almost always exist in practice. The three hook picks in this kit are sufficient to manipulate the vast majority of pin tumbler locks found in the US.

Many manufacturers outfit their picks with elaborate and supposedly "ergonomic" handles, but these often hinder performance as much as they might enhance it. As the peaks hit the pin stacks, energy is transferred from the bottom pins to the top pins, much like the action of the cue ball in billiards. In the locked state the plug is prevented from rotating by a set of movable pin stacks, typically under spring pressure, that protrude from holes in the top of the opening in the shell into corresponding holes drilled into the top of the plug. Another style of torque tool has two "prongs" that fit in the top and bottom of the keyway, with a cutout between them for the pick. Insert the tip of the tool in the keyway, allowing enough room for your pick to enter and manipulate the pins. For most of the picking methods discussed here, in which tumblers are manipulated one by one, a "hook"-style pick is generally used. That's it -- now you know almost everything there is to know about lock picking. You wouldn’t know what note you’d heard before. In particular note that because the pins are slightly out of alignment, as the plug is turned gently, only the pin stack that is most out of alignment actually prevents further rotation.

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