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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders

Many people suffering from ADHD suffer from comorbid disorders, treatments like major depression (Kessler et al 2006). Many patients are not responsive to medication for depression and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy.

Treatments that are most effective in reducing the symptoms of ADHD are those that boost and balance levels of certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are commonly prescribed.

Medicines

Many medications that are used to treat ADHD in children can also be used in adults. However the dosages are different and the drugs can cause adverse effects that aren't common in children. A doctor will look at the individual's medical history as well as family history and other health conditions to determine which medication is most suitable for them.

The most popular type of ADHD medication is a stimulant. It is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers within the brain, norepinephrine as well as dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate and dextro-amphetamine (commonly called Adderall) increase the amount of these neurotransmitters, which aid in improving focus and reducing aggression and impulsivity. They are available in a variety of forms like chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. These long-acting stimulants are favored due to their improved patient compliance and more consistent, long-lasting improvement of symptoms.

It is important to keep in mind that comorbid conditions like depression or anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first, and medication used as secondary measure. The drugs that can be used for comorbid mood disorders are atomoxetine (Bupropion) tricyclic antidepressants, and bupropion (Wilens 2004).).

Some patients may experience some patients may experience a "rebound" effect where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these cases, a short-term trial of an atypical stimulant drug could be helpful.

Some people are unable to tolerate stimulant medication or cannot take it because of drug misuse or other health issues such as severe hypertension or heart problems. In these situations, nonstimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and viloxazine are effective. These medications don't cause the same level of adverse effects as stimulants and carry a lower risks of abuse and diversion.

Psychotherapy

People suffering from ADHD may benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help people who suffer from ADHD learn to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or deal with issues at work or in relationships. It can also help people with mental disorders that coexist, such as depression and addiction disorders.

Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the notion that a person's beliefs and thoughts affect how they behave, think and feel. CBT assists individuals in identifying negative patterns of behavior and thoughts and then devise and implement strategies to change them. The use of meditation techniques in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help a person concentrate on their emotions and thoughts, control impulses, and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy and other types of psychotherapy focusing on a person's history with their family could be beneficial for those with ADHD who suffer from significant secondary issues.

In addition to medications psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific issues that arise from ADHD, such as trouble staying on track with schoolwork, resolving conflict and being able to get together with others, losing important dates or obligations as well as impulsive decisions that can lead to legal or financial problems. Psychotherapy can help someone overcome underlying issues such as anxiety and depression that could contribute to their adhd treatment adults symptoms.

Psychotherapy can help someone to develop healthy coping methods and reduce stress, for example exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to a family member or partner who is dealing with the negative effects ADHD has on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help families and couples learn to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

CBT is a kind of psychotherapy which focuses on transforming the negative patterns of thinking that clients have. It employs dialogue based on skill with an experienced mental health professional (a therapist) to address the root causes of their symptoms. The aim of this treatment is to correct limitations and implement strategies for coping that align with the client's daily life.

Therapists who specialize in add adult treatment ADHD-CBT show clients to recognize unhelpful thought patterns and help them build the skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a long time. However, it is a viable alternative for adults who aren't getting enough relief from medication.

A recent RCT study has found that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to CBT on its own in reducing the severity of core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning of adults with ADHD (Clarke et al., 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for those who suffer from more severe underlying problems.

The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically collaborate with the client to develop an action plan that is specific to addressing their problems. They will teach them a set of skills that are easy to learn and have a high chance of success. Charts are often used to monitor progress, and to reward positive behavior. This could include an everyday report for children that lists the tasks they must complete at school, or the positive behaviors to be exhibited, and a system of monitoring and rewarding rewards. Therapists may also discuss the possibility that negative consequences might be imposed if a child fails to complete their tasks. This can be done in a very sensitive and calming manner.

Metacognitive Therapy

A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy assists individuals in changing how they think. This type of treatment can be effective for people suffering from a range of mental health problems such as depression. It is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy which helps people learn to recognize negative thinking patterns and their effect on their emotions. This kind of therapy helps them develop psychological tools that can be versatile and useful.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD. In order to do this we compared self- and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management and Evaluation). It was discovered that comprehensive knowledge was connected to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power, which suggests they could explain an important amount of variation in the daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD.

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states of anxiety or rumination as well as attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on an idea of information processing by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating illness anxiety disorders. However, it is still a relatively new treatment and more research is required to determine if it can help with other disorders.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of MCT in reducing symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a range of disorders and could be more effective than other treatments. It is not an effective treatment, but it can be utilized to treat ADHD.

Family Therapy

In family therapy, the therapist works with all family members. This allows everyone to learn about the client's issues and learn how to support their loved one better. It also helps them deal with their frustrations and develop more effective communication skills. In addition, this type of counseling can be helpful for addressing comorbidities such as depression and alcohol abuse, which are commonly found in conjunction with ADHD.

The therapist will commence with an intake session to get a clearer understanding of the family's perspective of the problem and assess their potential for intervention by the family. This can be done online or in person. The therapist will explain to each client the purpose of therapy and the rules for family therapy.

A therapist who has experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain understanding of the client's present symptoms, their past and their impact on their work life as well as their family and social life. They will also inquire whether there are other mental health issues that are present, such as depression or anxiety.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a kind of counseling that teaches you to control your behavior and change negative thinking patterns to positive ones. It concentrates on improving self-esteem and self-control by teaching techniques to cope with stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy.

Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that comes from failure and underachievement. It can also assist them in dealing with relationship conflicts as well as job changes and academic difficulties. It can help you learn stress reduction and coping techniques and also how to manage your time and finances. It can also be used to address the comorbidities, like anxiety and mood disorders, that are often associated with ADHD.