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Planar Magnetic Technology for Headphones

A handful of HiFi audio brands are reviving the planar magnetic technology. These companies design and manufacture headphones using old-fashioned planar drivers that provide a rich sound signature.

This paper focuses on the fundamental characteristics of a planar magnet device by looking at the inductance of the winding, leakage capacitance and conduction losses in winding. Additionally, a method to reduce the parasitic elements is proposed.

Low vertical height or low profile

Compared to traditional wire-wound magnetics, planar magnetic technology provides less profile and better efficiency. It also minimizes leakage inductance and parasitic capacitance. This method allows for the use of a smaller core utilized, which reduces the cost of the device. It also doesn't require the magnets to be clamped. This makes it ideal for use in power electronics devices.

Planar magnetic technology has the advantage of being smaller and lighter than traditional headphones. It also can handle a wider range of frequencies without distortion. This is due to the diaphragm that is flat in these devices is typically made from a thin film with a conductor trace. This film can respond quickly to audio signals and create high sound pressure levels easily.

As a result, the audio produced by these devices is more rich and detailed. This is why they are highly favored by audiophiles, especially those who want to listen to music at home or office. It is important to keep in mind however that the planar magnetic driver needs an amplifier that is powered and a digital audio converter (DAC) to function effectively.

The sound is more natural and precise compared to dynamic drivers. Planar magnetic drivers are also able to respond to changes in audio signals much quicker, which makes them ideal for listening to fast music.

Despite their advantages, planar magnetic drivers have some disadvantages. Their price is attributed in part to the huge amount of magnetic material required for their operation. Their weight and size can be a hindrance particularly when they are being used as portable devices.

Wide band gap (WBG) devices

Wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors are a type of material that exhibit higher electrical properties than standard silicon-based devices. They are able to withstand higher voltages and current density. This makes them ideal for optoelectronics and power electronics applications. Wide band gap semiconductors like gallium nitride and silicon carbide can bring significant enhancements in performance, size and cost. They are also more environmentally friendly than traditional silicon devices. These features make them appealing to aerospace and satellite manufacturers.

Planar magnetic drivers work in the same way as dynamic drivers. An electrical conductor moves between two magnets fixed when audio signals travel through them. Planar magnetic drivers, however, utilize a flat array with conductors encased or attached to an elongated diaphragm that resembles a thin film instead of coils. Conductors are made up of coils that are placed on the diaphragm and sit directly between two magnets. This creates the push/pull effect which creates the diaphragm's to move.

This technology produces distortion-free music and has a unique pleasant sound. The even distribution of the magnetic force over the entire surface of the driver and the absence of a coil behind the diaphragm causes it to move in a uniform manner and quickly, resulting in an extremely precise, detailed sound. The resulting sound is known as isodynamic, orthodynamic, or magnetically-incident.

However, because of their intricate design and price headphones that use planar magnetic drivers are generally more expensive than those using other driver technologies. There are a few good and affordable choices for example, like the Rinko from Seeaudio or S12 Z12 from LETSHUOER, that have recently been released.

Power electronics

Contrary to conventional wire wound magnetic components, planar magnetics are better at dissipating heat. This lets them handle more power without causing excessive stress or strain that is audible. This makes them perfect for applications such as headphones. In addition to their increased efficiency, planar magnets also permit higher power density. The technology is particularly suited for applications such as fast charging of electric vehicles batteries, battery management and military systems.

Compared to dynamic driver headphones which make use of a diaphragm suspended by a voice coil, planar magnetic drivers operate using a different method. When an electromagnetic signal is sent through the array and the magnets on the opposite side of the diaphragm get pushed together and a push-pull effect is produced. This causes soundwaves to move the diaphragm and generate audio.

Planar magnetic devices are more efficient than conventional magnetics since they have a higher surface-to volume ratio. This means they are able to disperse more heat, allowing them to operate at higher switching frequencies without exceeding their maximum temperature ratings. They also have lower thermal sensitivities than wire-wound devices. This means they can be used in more compact power electronics circuits.

To optimize a planar boost inductor, designers must consider several factors, including the design of the core, winding configuration, losses estimation and thermal modeling. Ideally, the inductor should have low leakage inductance and winding capacitance, and be simple to integrate into the PCB. Moreover it should be able to handle high currents and be of a tiny size.

The inductor must be compatible with multilayer PCBs that have through-hole or SMD package. The copper thickness must be thin enough to prevent thermal coupling and limit the eddy-currents between conductors.

Flexible circuit-based planar Winding

In the field of planar magnetics the flex circuit-based windings are employed to make an inductor that is high-efficiency. They are constructed using dielectric films that are single-patterned and an individual-patterned copper foil. The most common is copper foil, which has exceptional electrical properties and is processed to allow termination features on both sides. Conductors in a flex circuit are joined with thin lines that extend beyond the edges of the substrate, providing the flexibility needed for tape automated bonding (TAB). Single-sided flex circuits can be found in a wide range of thicknesses and conductive coatings.

In a typical pair of planar headphones, planar magnetic driver a diaphragm is sandwiched between two permanent magnets. These magnets vibrate in response to electrical signals generated by your audio device. The magnetic fields create the sound wave that moves across the entire surface of the diaphragm creating a piston-like movement which prevents distortion and breakups.

One of the main advantages of planar headphones is their capacity to reproduce a wider frequency range, specifically in the lower frequencies. This is because they have a larger surface area than conventional cone drivers, allowing them to move more air. They can also reproduce bass sounds with a higher level of clarity and detail.

Planar magnetic headphones are costly to produce and require a powered amplifier and DAC in order to work properly. In addition, they are heavier and larger than conventional drivers, making them difficult to transport and planar magnetic driver be able to fit into smaller spaces. Their low impedance also require much more power to drive, which can quickly become a problem when listening to music at high volume.

Stamped copper winding

Stamped copper windings are used in planar magnetic technology to improve the window's utilization and decrease manufacturing costs. The method involves putting grooves into the coil body to hold the windings in a layer-accurate location. This prevents deformations of the coil and increases the accuracy of the coil. This reduces scrap and improves quality control. This type of planar coil is commonly used in relay and contactor coils, ignition coils and small transformers. It is also utilized in devices that have wire thicknesses of up to 0.05mm. The stamping creates a uniform coil with high current density. The windings will be precisely positioned.

Planar magnetic headphones, as opposed to traditional dynamic drivers which use a voicecoil conductor that is attached to the thin diaphragm, have a flat array of conductors directly connected to the thin diaphragm. When electronic signals are applied to these conductors, they vibrate, creating a pistonic motion that creates sound. As a result, planar magnetic headphones can provide better sound than other audio drivers.

This technology can boost the range of transducers. This is crucial, since it allows them to operate in a wider frequency range. Furthermore, it lowers the overall power requirement of the driver.

However, there are a few disadvantages to this new technology. It is difficult to develop a diaphragm made of thin film that can withstand the extreme temperatures required for this type of technology. However, companies such as Wisdom Audio have overcome this challenge by developing an adhesive-free option that can stand up to 725degF (385degC). This allows them to produce audio with superior quality, without sacrificing durability and longevity.